Graded Assignment 1.3 Read the Following Paragraph Childr4en Throughout the

Learning Objectives

• Identify the four common academic purposes.
• Identify audience, tone, and content.
• Apply purpose, audience, tone, and content to a specific consignment.

Imagine reading 1 long block of text, with each idea blurring into the next. Even if you are reading a thrilling novel or an interesting news commodity, you volition likely lose interest in what the author has to say very quickly. During the writing process, it is helpful to position yourself as a reader. Ask yourself whether you lot tin focus easily on each point you brand. Ane technique that effective writers use is to begin a fresh paragraph for each new idea they innovate. Paragraphs dissever ideas into logical, manageable chunks. One paragraph focuses on but ane principal idea and presents coherent sentences to back up that one betoken. Because all the sentences in one paragraph support the aforementioned point, a paragraph may stand up on its own. To create longer assignments and to discuss more than than ane bespeak, writers grouping together paragraphs. Three elements shape the content of each paragraph:

1. Purpose. The reason the writer composes the paragraph.
2. Tone. The mental attitude the author conveys about the paragraph's field of study.
3. Audience. The individual or group whom the author intends to accost.

Figure half-dozen.ane Purpose, Audience, Tone, and Content Triangle

The assignment'south purpose, audience, and tone dictate what the paragraph covers and how it will back up one primary point. This section covers how purpose, audience, and tone affect reading and writing paragraphs.

Identifying Common Academic Purposes

The purpose for a piece of writing identifies the reason you write a particular certificate. Basically, the purpose of a piece of writing answers the question "Why?" For case, why write a play? To entertain a packed theater. Why write instructions to the bodyguard? To inform him or her of your schedule and rules. Why write a letter of the alphabet to your congressman? To persuade him to address your community's needs. In academic settings, the reasons for writing fulfill four main purposes: to summarize, to analyze, to synthesize, and to evaluate. You will encounter these four purposes not but as you read for your classes but also every bit y'all read for work or pleasure. Because reading and writing piece of work together, your writing skills will improve as y'all read. To larn more than well-nigh reading in the writing procedure, see Chapter 8 "The Writing Process: How Practice I Begin?". Eventually, your instructors will ask y'all to consummate assignments specifically designed to meet ane of the four purposes. As you will run across, the purpose for writing will guide you through each part of the newspaper, helping you make decisions about content and style. For at present, identifying these purposes past reading paragraphs will fix you to write individual paragraphs and to build longer assignments.

Summary Paragraphs

A summary shrinks a big amount of information into merely the essentials. You lot probably summarize events, books, and movies daily. Remember about the last blockbuster motion-picture show you saw or the last novel you read. Chances are, at some signal in a coincidental conversation with a friend, coworker, or classmate, you compressed all the action in a two-hour moving picture or in a two-hundred-folio volume into a brief description of the major plot movements. While in conversation, you probably described the major highlights, or the chief points in only a few sentences, using your own vocabulary and fashion of speaking. Similarly, a summary paragraph condenses a long piece of writing into a smaller paragraph past extracting simply the vital information. A summary uses only the writer's own words. Like the summary'south purpose in daily conversation, the purpose of an academic summary paragraph is to maintain all the essential data from a longer document. Although shorter than the original slice of writing, a summary should nevertheless communicate all the key points and cardinal support. In other words, summary paragraphs should be succinct and to the point.

According to the Monitoring the Future Study, almost two-thirds of 10th-grade students reported having tried alcohol at least once in their lifetime, and ii-fifths reported having been drunk at least one time (Johnson et al. 2006x). Among twelfth-grade students, these rates had risen to over three-quarters who reported having tried booze at to the lowest degree once in the past thirty days; 17.6 percent and 30.2 percent, respectively, reported having been drunkard in the by thirty days; 21.0 percentage and 28.ane percent, respectively, reported having had 5 or more drinks in a row in the past two weeks (sometimes called rampage drinking); and 1.3 percent and 3.1 percent, respectively, reported daily booze use (Johnson et al. 2006a).

Alcohol consumption continues to escalate later high school. In fact, eighteen- to twenty-4-yr-olds have the highest levels of alcohol consumption and booze dependence of whatsoever age grouping. In the first 2 years later high school, lifetime prevalence of alcohol employ (based on 2005 follow-up surveys from the Monitoring the Futurity Report) was 81.8 percent, 30-day use prevalence was 59 percentage, and binge-drinking prevalence was 36.3 percentage (Johnson et al. 2006b). Of note, higher students on average drink more than their noncollege peers, even though they beverage less during high school than those who did not go to college (Johnson et al. 2006a,b; Schulenberg and Maggs 2002). For example, in 2005, the charge per unit of rampage drinking for college students (1 to four years beyond high school) was 40.1 percent, whereas the rate for their noncollege age mates was 35.1 percent.

Booze utilize and problem drinking in late adolescence vary by sociodemographic characteristics. For example, the prevalence of booze apply is college for boys than for girls, higher for White and Hispanic adolescents than for African-American adolescents, and higher for those living in the due north and n primal United States than for those living in the South and W. Some of these relationships alter with early adulthood, however. For example, although alcohol apply in high school tends to be higher in areas with depression population density (i.e., rural areas) than in more densely populated areas, this relationship reverses during early on machismo (Johnson et al. 2006a,b). Lower economic condition (i.eastward., lower educational level of parents) is associated with more booze utilise during the early high schoolhouse years; by the end of high school, and during the transition to machismo, this relationship changes, and youth from college socioeconomic backgrounds consume greater amounts of alcohol.

A summary of the report should present all the main points and supporting details in brief. Read the following summary of the study written by a educatee:

Brown et al. inform us that by 10th grade, nearly two-thirds of students accept tried alcohol at least once, and by twelfth grade this figure increases to over iii-quarters of students.  After high school, alcohol consumption increases further, and higher-anile students have the highest levels of alcohol consumption and dependence of whatever age group.  Alcohol utilise varies according to factors such every bit gender, race, geographic location, and socioeconomic status.

Some of these trends may reverse in early adulthood.  For case, adolescents of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to consume alcohol during high school years, whereas youth from higher socioeconomic status are more than probable to consume alcohol in the years after high school.

Discover how the summary retains the key points made by the writers of the original report but omits most of the statistical information. Summaries demand not contain all the specific facts and figures in the original document; they provide only an overview of the essential information.

Analysis Paragraphs

An analysis separates complex materials in their different parts and studies how the parts relate to 1 another. The analysis of simple tabular array salt, for example, would require a deconstruction of its parts—the elements sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl). Then, scientists would study how the ii elements interact to create the chemical compound NaCl, or sodium chloride, which is also called uncomplicated table salt. Analysis is not limited to the sciences, of form. An assay paragraph in academic writing fulfills the same purpose. Instead of deconstructing compounds, academic analysis paragraphs typically deconstruct documents. An analysis takes apart a main source (an essay, a volume, an article, etc.) bespeak by point. It communicates the main points of the certificate past examining individual points and identifying how the points chronicle to i another. Take a look at a pupil's analysis of the journal report.

At the outset of their report, Brown et al. utilise specific data regarding the use of alcohol by loftier school students and higher-aged students, which is supported by several studies. Later in the written report, they consider how diverse socioeconomic factors influence problem drinking in adolescence. The latter office of the report is far less specific and does non provide statistics or examples.

The lack of specific information in the 2d role of the written report raises several important questions. Why are teenagers in rural loftier schools more likely to drink than teenagers in urban areas? Where practice they obtain alcohol? How practise parental attitudes influence this trend? A follow-upwardly study could compare several high schools in rural and urban areas to consider these issues and potentially find means to reduce teenage alcohol consumption.

Notice how the assay does not merely repeat data from the original report, but considers how the points within the report relate to ane another. By doing this, the pupil uncovers a discrepancy between the points that are backed up by statistics and those that crave additional information. Analyzing a document involves a close examination of each of the private parts and how they work together.

Synthesis Paragraphs

A synthesis combines two or more items to create an entirely new detail. Consider the electronic instrument aptly named the synthesizer. It looks like a simple keyboard but displays a dashboard of switches, buttons, and levers. With the flip of a few switches, a musician may combine the distinct sounds of a pianoforte, a flute, or a guitar—or any other combination of instruments—to create a new sound. The purpose of the synthesizer is to alloy together the notes from individual instruments to form new, unique notes. The purpose of an academic synthesis is to alloy private documents into a new document. An academic synthesis paragraph considers the main points from 1 or more pieces of writing and links the main points together to create a new point, one not replicated in either certificate. Take a wait at a student's synthesis of several sources about underage drinking.

In their 2009 written report, Brown et al. consider the rates of booze consumption among high school and college-aged students and various sociodemographic factors that affect these rates. However, this report is limited to assessing the rates of underage drinking, rather than considering methods of decreasing these rates. Several other studies, also as original research among higher students, provide insight into how these rates might be reduced.

1 study, past Spoth, Greenberg, and Turrisi (2009) considers the touch on of various types of interventions every bit a method for reducing booze consumption amongst minors. They conclude that although family-focused interventions for adolescents aged ten to 15 have shown hope, at that place is a serious lack of interventions available for college-aged students who do not nourish college. These students are among the highest risk level for alcohol corruption, a fact supported by Brown, et al.

I did my own research and interviewed 8 college students, four men and four women. I asked them when they first tried booze and what factors encouraged them to drink. All four men had tried alcohol by the age of thirteen. Three of the women had also tried booze by 13 and the fourth had tried booze past 15. All eight students said that peer pressure, boredom, and the thrill of trying something illegal were motivating factors. These results back up the inquiry of Brown et al. However, they likewise enhance an interesting bespeak. If boredom is a motivating factor for underage drinking, perchance boosted afterward school programs or other community measures could be introduced to dissuade teenagers from underage drinking. Based on my sources, further research is needed to bear witness truthful preventative measures for teenage alcohol consumption.

Notice how the synthesis paragraphs consider each source and utilise information from each to create a new thesis. A skillful synthesis does non echo data; the writer uses a variety of sources to create a new thought.

Evaluation Paragraphs

An evaluation judges the value of something and determines its worth. Evaluations in everyday experiences are often not simply dictated by set standards but also influenced by stance and prior knowledge. For example, at piece of work, a supervisor may complete an employee evaluation past judging his subordinate's performance based on the company's goals. If the company focuses on improving advice, the supervisor will charge per unit the employee'due south customer service according to a standard scale. However, the evaluation still depends on the supervisor's opinion and prior experience with the employee. The purpose of the evaluation is to determine how well the employee performs at his or her job. An bookish evaluation communicates your opinion, and its justifications, about a document or a topic of discussion. Evaluations are influenced by your reading of the document, your prior knowledge, and your prior experience with the topic or event. Considering an evaluation incorporates your point of view and reasons for your betoken of view, it typically requires more disquisitional thinking and a combination of summary, analysis, and synthesis skills. Thus evaluation paragraphs often follow summary, assay, and synthesis paragraphs. Read a educatee's evaluation paragraph.

Throughout their written report, Brownish et al. provide valuable statistics that highlight the frequency of alcohol employ among high school and college students. They use several reputable sources to back up their points. Notwithstanding, the report focuses solely on the frequency of alcohol utilize and how it varies according to certain sociodemographic factors. Other sources, such as Spoth, Greenberg, and Turrisi's study (2009) and the survey I conducted among higher students, examine the results for alcohol use among young people and offer suggestions as to how to reduce the rates. Nonetheless, I think that Brownish et al. offer a useful prepare of statistics from which to base further inquiry into alcohol apply among high school and college students.

Detect how the paragraph incorporates the student's personal judgment within the evaluation. Evaluating a certificate requires prior knowledge that is oftentimes based on additional inquiry.

Tip

When reviewing directions for assignments, look for the verbssummarize,analyze,synthesize, orevaluate. Instructors often use these words to conspicuously indicate the assignment'south purpose. These words volition cue you on how to complete the assignment because you will know its exact purpose.

Exercise 1

Read the following paragraphs well-nigh 4 films and so place the purpose of each paragraph.

1. This motion picture could easily have been cut down to less than ii hours. By the final scene, I noticed that nigh of my fellow moviegoers were snoozing in their seats and were barely paying attending to what was happening on screen. Although the director sticks diligently to the book, he tries also difficult to cram in all the activity, which is just likewise aggressive for such a detail-oriented story. If you want my advice, read the book and give the moving-picture show a miss.
2. During the opening scene, nosotros learn that the character Laura is adopted and that she has spent the past iii years badly trying to track downward her real parents. Having exhausted all the usual options—adoption agencies, online searches, family unit trees, and so on—she is on the verge of giving up when she meets a stranger on a charabanc. The chance come across leads to a complicated chain of events that ultimately consequence in Laura getting her lifelong wish. Simply is information technology actually what she wants? Throughout the rest of the film, Laura discovers that sometimes the by is best left where it belongs.
3. To create the feeling of being gripped in a vice, the managing director, May Lee, uses a variety of elements to gradually increase the tension. The creepy, haunting tune that subtly enhances the earlier scenes becomes ever more insistent, rising to a disturbing crescendo toward the end of the picture. The agony of the actors, combined with the claustrophobic temper and tight camera angles create a realistic firestorm, from which there is niggling hope of escape. Walking out of the theater at the end feels like staggering out of a Roman dungeon.
4. The scene in which Campbell and his fellow prisoners assist the guards in shutting down the riot immediately strikes the viewer every bit unrealistic. Based on the recent reports on prison house riots in both Detroit and California, it seems highly unlikely that a posse of hardened criminals will intentionally help their captors at the adventure of inciting hereafter revenge from other inmates. Instead, both news reports and psychological studies indicate that prisoners who do not actively participate in a riot will go back to their cells and avoid conflict altogether. Examples of this lack of attention to detail occur throughout the film, making it almost unbearable to watch.

Collaboration: Share with a classmate and compare your answers.

Writing at Work

Thinking most the purpose of writing a study in the workplace can aid focus and structure the document. A summary should provide colleagues with a factual overview of your findings without going into too much specific detail. In dissimilarity, an evaluation should include your personal stance, along with supporting evidence, research, or examples to back it up. Listen for words such equally summarize, analyze, synthesize, or evaluate when your boss asks you to complete a report to help determine a purpose for writing.

Exercise two

Consider the essay about recently assigned to you. Place the nigh effective bookish purpose for the assignment.

My assignment:

My purpose:

Identifying the Audience

Imagine yous must requite a presentation to a group of executives in an office. Weeks before the large twenty-four hour period, you spend time creating and rehearsing the presentation. You must make important, careful decisions not only most the content but too about your delivery. Will the presentation require technology to projection figures and charts? Should the presentation define of import words, or volition the executives already know the terms? Should you wear your suit and apparel shirt? The answers to these questions will aid you develop an appropriate relationship with your audience, making them more receptive to your message. At present imagine you must explain the same business concepts from your presentation to a grouping of loftier schoolhouse students. Those of import questions you previously answered may now require dissimilar answers. The figures and charts may be too sophisticated, and the terms will certainly require definitions. Y'all may fifty-fifty reconsider your outfit and sport a more casual wait. Considering the audience has shifted, your presentation and delivery volition shift equally well to create a new relationship with the new audience. In these two situations, the audience—the individuals who will spotter and heed to the presentation—plays a role in the development of presentation. As you prepare the presentation, y'all visualize the audience to conceptualize their expectations and reactions. What y'all imagine affects the information yous cull to present and how you volition present it. Then, during the presentation, yous meet the audience in person and detect immediately how well you perform. Although the audience for writing assignments—your readers—may non appear in person, they play an equally vital office. Even in everyday writing activities, y'all identify your readers' characteristics, interests, and expectations before making decisions well-nigh what you write. In fact, thinking most audition has get so common that you may not fifty-fifty detect the audience-driven decisions. For example, you update your status on a social networking site with the sensation of who will digitally follow the post. If you lot want to brag nigh a good course, you may write the post to delight family unit members. If yous want to depict a funny moment, you may write with your friends' senses of humor in heed. Even at work, you ship e-mails with an awareness of an unintended receiver who could intercept the bulletin. In other words, being aware of "invisible" readers is a skill you most probable already possess and ane you rely on every day. Consider the following paragraphs. Which i would the author send to her parents? Which ane would she send to her best friend?

Example A Last Sat, I volunteered at a local infirmary. The visit was fun and rewarding. I even learned how to practise cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR. Unfortunately, I think caught a cold from one of the patients. This week, I will rest in bed and drink plenty of clear fluids. I promise I am well by next Sabbatum to volunteer again.

Example B OMG! You won't believe this! My advisor forced me to practice my community service hours at this infirmary all weekend! We learned CPR merely nosotros did it on dummies, not even real peeps. And some kid sneezed on me and got me sick! I was so bored and sniffling all weekend; I hope I don't have to go dorsum next week. I def do NOT desire to miss the basketball tournament!

Well-nigh likely, you matched each paragraph to its intended audience with little hesitation. Because each paragraph reveals the author's relationship with her intended readers, you can identify the audition fairly quickly. When writing your ain paragraphs, you must engage with your audience to build an advisable relationship given your subject area. Imagining your readers during each phase of the writing procedure will help you lot make decisions about your writing. Ultimately, the people you lot visualize will touch what and how you write.

Tip

While giving a speech, you may articulate an inspiring or critical message, just if yous left your pilus a mess and laced up mismatched shoes, your audience would not take you seriously. They may be too distracted by your appearance to listen to your words. Similarly, grammar and judgement construction serve as the appearance of a piece of writing. Polishing your piece of work using correct grammar will impress your readers and permit them to focus on what you take to say.

Considering focusing on audience will enhance your writing, your process, and your finished production, you must consider the specific traits of your audience members. Employ your imagination to anticipate the readers' demographics, education, prior knowledge, and expectations.

• Demographics. These measure of import data virtually a group of people, such as their age range, their ethnicity, their religious beliefs, or their gender. Certain topics and assignments will crave these kinds of considerations about your audience. For other topics and assignments, these measurements may not influence your writing in the cease. Regardless, it is important to consider demographics when you lot begin to remember about your purpose for writing.
• Educational activity. Education considers the audience's level of schooling. If audition members have earned a doctorate degree, for example, you may need to elevate your style and use more formal language. Or, if audience members are yet in college, you could write in a more relaxed style. An audience member's major or emphasis may also dictate your writing.
• Prior knowledge. This refers to what the audition already knows about your topic. If your readers have studied certain topics, they may already know some terms and concepts related to the topic. Y'all may make up one's mind whether to define terms and explicate concepts based on your audience's prior knowledge. Although you cannot peer within the brains of your readers to detect their knowledge, y'all tin brand reasonable assumptions. For instance, a nursing major would presumably know more nearly health-related topics than a business major would.
• Expectations. These indicate what readers volition look for while reading your assignment. Readers may wait consistencies in the consignment's appearance, such every bit right grammer and traditional formatting similar double-spaced lines and legible font. Readers may also have content-based expectations given the assignment's purpose and arrangement. In an essay titled "The Economics of Enlightenment: The Furnishings of Ascension Tuition," for example, audience members may expect to read about the economical repercussions of college tuition costs.

Exercise iii

On your ain canvass of newspaper, generate a list of characteristics under each category for each audience. This list will assist you later on when you lot read nigh tone and content.

1. Your classmates
   • Demographics
   • Didactics
   • Prior cognition
   • Expectations
2. Your instructor
   • Demographics
   • Educational activity
   • Prior knowledge
   • Expectations
3. The head of your bookish department
   • Demographics
   • Education
   • Prior knowledge
   • Expectations
4. Now recollect near your next writing assignment. Identify the purpose (you may utilize the same purpose listed in Annotation 6.12 "Practise two"), and so identify the audience. Create a listing of characteristics under each category.
   • My consignment:
   • My purpose:
   • My audience:
     • Demographics
     • Education
     • Prior knowledge
     • Expectations

Collaboration: Please share with a classmate and compare your answers.

Keep in heed that equally your topic shifts in the writing procedure, your audience may likewise shift. Too, remember that decisions about style depend on audition, purpose, and content. Identifying your audience's demographics, education, prior noesis, and expectations will touch how you write, but purpose and content play an equally important office. The next subsection covers how to select an appropriate tone to match the audience and purpose.

Selecting an Appropriate Tone

Tone identifies a speaker'south attitude toward a field of study or another person. You may pick up a person'due south tone of vocalization fairly easily in conversation. A friend who tells you most her weekend may speak excitedly virtually a fun skiing trip. An instructor who means business may speak in a low, wearisome vocalism to emphasize her serious mood. Or, a coworker who needs to permit off some steam subsequently a long meeting may crack a sarcastic joke. Just as speakers transmit emotion through voice, writers can transmit through writing a range of attitudes, from excited and humorous to somber and disquisitional. These emotions create connections among the audience, the author, and the subject, ultimately building a relationship between the audience and the text. To stimulate these connections, writers intimate their attitudes and feelings with useful devices, such as sentence structure, word choice, punctuation, and formal or informal linguistic communication. Keep in mind that the writer'south attitude should always appropriately match the audition and the purpose. Read the following paragraph and consider the writer's tone. How would you draw the author'due south mental attitude toward wild animals conservation?

Many species of plants and animals are disappearing correct earlier our optics. If we don't act fast, it might be also late to relieve them. Human activities, including pollution, deforestation, hunting, and overpopulation, are devastating the natural surround. Without our assistance, many species will not survive long plenty for our children to see them in the wild. Take the tiger, for example. Today, tigers occupy just 7 percent of their historical range, and many local populations are already extinct. Hunted for their beautiful pelt and other trunk parts, the tiger population has plummeted from ane hundred thousand in 1920 to just a few thousand. Contact your local wild fauna conservation society today to find out how you can terminate this terrible destruction.

Exercise four

Think about the consignment and purpose yous selected in Note half dozen.12 "Exercise 2", and the audience you selected in Note 6.16 "Exercise iii". Now, identify the tone yous would utilize in the consignment.

My assignment:

My purpose:

My audience:

My tone:

Choosing Appropriate, Interesting Content

Content refers to all the written substance in a certificate. After selecting an audience and a purpose, yous must choose what information will brand information technology to the page. Content may consist of examples, statistics, facts, anecdotes, testimonies, and observations, simply no matter the type, the information must exist appropriate and interesting for the audition and purpose. An essay written for 3rd graders that summarizes the legislative procedure, for example, would have to comprise succinct and uncomplicated content. Content is also shaped by tone. When the tone matches the content, the audition will be more engaged, and you will build a stronger relationship with your readers. Consider that audience of 3rd graders. You would choose simple content that the audience volition easily understand, and you lot would limited that content through an enthusiastic tone. The same considerations apply to all audiences and purposes.

Exercise five

Match the content in the box to the appropriate audience and purpose. On your own sheet of paper, write the correct letter side by side to the number.

1. Whereas economist Holmes contends that the financial crisis is far from over, the presidential counselor Jones points out that it is vital to catch the beginning wave of opportunity to increment marketplace share. Nosotros can use elements of both experts' visions. Let me explain how.
2. In 2000, foreign money flowed into the Usa, contributing to easy credit weather. People bought larger houses than they could afford, eventually defaulting on their loans as interest rates rose.
3. The Emergency Economic Stabilization Human activity, known by most of united states as the humungous government bailout, caused mixed reactions. Although supported by many political leaders, the statute provoked outrage amongst grassroots groups. In their opinion, the government was really rewarding banks for their appalling behavior.

1. Audition: An instructor
   1. Purpose: To analyze the reasons backside the 2007 financial crisis
   2. Content:
2. Audience: Classmates
   1. Purpose: To summarize the effects of the $700 billion regime bailout
   2. Content:
3. Audition: An employer
   1. Purpose: To synthesize two articles on preparing businesses for economical recovery
   2. Content:

Collaboration: Please share with a classmate and compare your answers.

Exercise 6

Using the consignment, purpose, audience, and tone from Note 6.eighteen "Practise iv", generate a list of content ideas. Recollect that content consists of examples, statistics, facts, anecdotes, testimonies, and observations.

My assignment:

My purpose:

My audition:

My tone:

My content ideas:

Key Takeaways

• Paragraphs separate ideas into logical, manageable chunks of data.
• The content of each paragraph and document is shaped by purpose, audience, and tone.
• The iv common academic purposes are to summarize, to analyze, to synthesize, and to evaluate.
• Identifying the audience'south demographics, education, prior knowledge, and expectations will touch on how and what y'all write.
• Devices such as sentence structure, discussion selection, punctuation, and formal or breezy linguistic communication communicate tone and create a relationship betwixt the writer and his or her audience.
• Content may consist of examples, statistics, facts, anecdotes, testimonies, and observations. All content must be appropriate and interesting for the audience, purpose and tone.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-engl111/chapter/purpose-audience-tone-and-content/

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